Swine Flu

Swine influenza (also called swine flu, hog flu, and pig flu) is an infection of a host animal by any one of several specific types of microscopic organisms called "swine influenza virus". A swine influenza virus (SIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is usually hosted by (is endemic in) pigs.^[2] As of 2009, the known SIV strains are the influenza C virus and the subtypes of the influenza A virus known as H1N1, H1N2, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3. Swine influenza is common in pigs in the midwestern United States (and occasionally in other states), Mexico, Canada, South America, Europe (including the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Italy), Kenya, Mainland China, Taiwan, Japan and other parts of eastern Asia.^[2]

Transmission of swine influenza virus from pigs to humans is not common and does not always cause human influenza, often only resulting in the production of antibodies in the blood. The meat of the animal poses no risk of transmitting the virus when properly cooked. If transmission does cause human influenza, it is called zoonotic swine flu. People who work with pigs, especially people with intense exposures, are at increased risk of catching swine flu. In the mid-20th century, identification of influenza subtypes became possible, this allows accurate diagnosis of transmission to humans. Since then, fifty confirmed transmissions have been recorded, Rarely, these strains of swine flu can pass from human to human. In humans, the symptoms of swine flu are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general, namely chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness and general discomfort.

The 2009 swine flu outbreak in humans is due to a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1 that contains genes closely related to swine influenza.^[3] The origin of this new strain is unknown. However, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) reports that this strain has not been isolated in pigs.^[4] This strain can be transmitted from human to human,^[5] and causes the normal symptoms of influenza.^[6]

The symptoms of this new H1N1 flu virus in people are similar to the symptoms of seasonal flu and include fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. A significant number of people who have been infected with this virus also have reported diarrhea and vomiting. Also, like seasonal flu, severe illnesses and death has occurred as a result of illness associated with this virus.

Protection:

• Stay informed. Health officials will provide additional information as it becomes available.
• Everyone should take these everyday steps to protect your health and lessen the spread of this new virus:
  • Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw the tissue in the trash after you use it.
  • Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after you cough or sneeze. Alcohol-based hand cleaners are also effective.
  • Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. Germs spread this way.
  • Try to avoid close contact with sick people.
  • If you are sick with a flu-like illness, stay home for 7 days after your symptoms begin or until you have been symptom-free for 24 hours, whichever is longer. This is to keep from infecting others and spreading the virus further.
  • Follow public health advice regarding school closures, avoiding crowds and other social distancing measures.

Laboratory-confirmed human cases by country

Country	Cases	Deaths
	Laboratory confirmed	Confirmed (Suspected)
Europe Total	138,719	862 (77)
United States[2]	40,617[3]	293[4]
Mexico	13,646[5]	125 (77)[5][6]
Australia	12,001[7]	31[7]
Chile	10,926[8]	40[8]
United Kingdom	10,649[9]	29[10]
Canada	10,453[11]	49[11]
Thailand	4,469[12]	26[12][13]
Argentina	3,056 [14][15]	161[15][16]
Philippines	2,668[1]	4[1]
Peru	2,503[17]	11[17]
New Zealand	2,250[18]	10[18]
Hong Kong	1,748[19]	1[19]
Spain	1,302[1]	4[1]
Singapore	1,217[20]	1[21]
Brazil	1,175 [22]	11[23]
Bolivia	585[1]	3[1]
Uruguay	550[1]	19[24]
El Salvador	452[25]	5[26]
Costa Rica	428[27]	11[28]
Ecuador	357[1]	6[29]
Brunei	346[1]	1[1]
Guatemala	339[1]	2[1]
Venezuela	281[30]	1 [30]
Colombia	202[1]	8[1]
Paraguay	164[31]	8[31]
Honduras	123[1]	1[1]
Dominican Republic	108[1]	2[1]
Jamaica	44[31]	2[1]

KENAPA EMS PENTING?

EMS singkatan dari Emergency Medical Services yaitu Pelayanan kesehatan gawat darurat, karena harus bergelut dengan waktu/golden time. EMS merupakan satu dari 3 departemen emergency dari suatu Negara, selain EMS ada polisi dan pemadam kebakaran yang mana fungsi dan perannya saling terkait dan saling membutuhkan dalam kondisi tertentu seperti contoh RTA atau kecelakaan lalu lintas, kebakaran dll.

EMS, Polisi, Pemadam kebakaran di Negara maju berada dalam nomor telpon emergency yang sama, seperti contoh di USA 911, di Kuwait 777, di Australia 000, jadi jika membutuhkan Pelayanan darurat baik polisi, EMS atau ambulance maupun pemadam kebakaran tinggal telepon ke nomor tersebut, maka operator akan merespon anda dan akan meluncur ke TKP kurang dari 10 menit, sehingga nyawa pasien bisa tertolong dengan cepat.

EMS Kuwait terdiri dari dua divisi yaitu divisi emergency yang mana khusus menangani masalah-masalah emergency seperti RTA atau kecelakaan lalu lintas, cardiac arrest asfiksia dsb serta divisi asisten ambulance atau patient transport services yang mana tugasnya hanya mentransfer pasien dari rumah sakit ke rumah sakit dan mengantar pasien pulang ke rumah. Tetapi karena saya berada di divisi emergency maka saya akan membahas masalah emergency di TKP dan ambulance.

Kenapa EMS penting? Ini adalah pertanyaan yang menarik, bayangkan aja jika di suatu Negara yang terjun ke lokasi kejadian hanya polisi ama pemadam kebakaran tanpa ada EMS atau ambulance dengan peralatan ambulance yang lengkap yang sudah saya uraikan di ambulane equipment, berapa nyawa yang melayang di TKP maupun perjalanan ke rumah sakit tanpa ada pertolongan dari profesional?bayangkan juga jika yang menjadi korban adalah anda sendiri maupun saya?sanggupkah polisi maupun pemadam kebakaran menolong anda yang bukan bidang mereka?maupun orang lain yang menolong mereka dengan kendaraan pribadi, berapa waktu tempuh yang dia butuhkan ke rumah sakit, berapa darah, cairan tubuh, oxygen yang hilang dari badan serta rasa sakit seperti angina atau miokard infark yang pasien rasakan?belum lagi cardiac arrest yang hanya membutuhkan waktu 5-10 menit untuk mendapatkan pertolongan seperti CPR dsb, lebih dari itu nyawa pasien melayang, jadi seberapa pentingkah EMS buat hidup anda dan bisakah kondisi emergency di Kuwait di terapkan di Indonesia?

EMS di Indonesia tidak sepenuhnya seperti di Kuwait, baru Jakarta yang menerapkan 118 ambulance, itupun tanpa di imbangi dengan tenaga kesehatan yang proportional, tersedianya markas buat ambulance tersendiri di setiap region ataupun kecamatan, serta kesejahteraan buat pegawainya. Jadi bisakah Indonesia menerapkan sistem emergency internasional?yang bukan hanya diam di tempat seperti puskesmas, klinik maupun rumah sakit, tapi terjun ke lapangan?I hope so..

Bagaimana EMS bekerja?EMS bekerja tidak mengenal lelah dan waktu, kapanpun dan dimanapun serta dalam kondisi apapun harus siap menolong. Harus bisa memprioritaskan pasien mana yang wajib di tolong terlebih dahulu dengan prioritas utama, untuk itu di perlukan profesionalisme dari pegawai EMS baik pengetahuan, sikap maupun ketrampilan serta menganalisa masalah.

Sekilas tentang EMS Kuwait, EMS Kuwait terdiri dari warga Negara Kuwait dan banyak warga Negara yang bukan Kuwait seperti dari Mesir, Jordan, Lebanon, Philipines, India, juga satu2nya dari Negara Indonesia yang mana kami adalah angkatan pertama dari Indonesia yang bekerja di Departemen Emergency Medical Sevices Kuwait, dan di sebar di seluruh Kuwait seperti Mubarak, Farwaniya, Jahra, Adan, serta Sabah center. Kebetulan saya sendiri berada di markas Mubarak yang mencakup salmiya center, hawally center dan istana amir di bayan center, daerah ini di desain seperti model eropa terutama di daerah salmiya, seperti pengalaman saya, bukan hanya warga Negara Kuwait saja yang mendapatkan pertolongan EMS tetapi juga warga Negara asing yang banyak di daerah ini seperti Jordan, Palestina, Mesir, Tunisia, Morocco, UK, USA, Germany, dsb termasuk warga Negara Indonesia sendiri. Profesi EMS merupakan profesi yang favorite di Kuwait, salah satu contoh kemaren tanggal 31 Januari ada pesta karnaval menyambut hari kemerdekaan Kuwait di daerah salmiya tepatnya di daerah salem Mubarak st., banyak sekali warga yang hadir baik Kuwaiti maupun warga Negara asing, tidak lupa juga kami dari EMS, polisi maupun pemadam kebakaran menjaga dan standby di sana. Banyak sekali minat dan antusias masyarakat yang memeriksakan kesehatannya dan yang ingin berfoto2 dengan kru EMS tapi jangan salah juga sebelum,selama dan setelah pesta karnaval, banyak sekali RTA atau kecelakaan lalu lintas di daerah salmiya. Sementara ini dulu tentang EMS Kuwait.

SELAYANG PANDANG TENAGA KESEHATAN PROFESIONAL INDONESIA DI LUAR NEGERI

Profesi kesehatan merupakan profesi yang banyak di minati banyak kalangan, karena profesi ini bergelut dengan waktu dan nyawa manusia. Profesi kesehatan misalnya dokter, perawat, radiologi, gizi, fisioterapi dan masih banyak lagi tim kesehatan yang lain dengan peran dan fungsinya saling terkait dan harus saling bekerjasama dalam memberikan Pelayanan kesehatan yang profesional. Sebuah profesi berbeda dengan Pekerjaan, karena profesi mempunyai disiplin ilmu serta kode etik.

Profesi keperawatan merupakan salah satu dari profesi kesehatan di dunia, yang mana peran dan fungsinya tidak lepas dari suatu Pelayanan kesehatan yang profesional. Tiap tahun jumlah tenaga perawat di Indonesia makin bertambah tanpa di imbangi dengan tersedianya lapangan Pekerjaan, padahal lapangan dan kesempatan untuk bekerja di luar negeri terbuka lebar buat profesi keperawatan di negara manapun di seluruh dunia asal harus bisa bersaing dalam hal bahasa dan profesionalisme, serta harus bisa beradaptasi dengan lingkungan sekitar karena perbedaan yang ada, terlebih lagi harus bisa menjaga kesehatan sejak dini, karena ketatnya tes kesehatan jika kita ingin bekerja di luar negeri.

Kita harus bangga dengan profesi keperawatan karena profesi perawat Indonesia di Kuwait adalah satu-satunya profesi kesehatan profesional dari Indonesia yang bisa diterima bekerja di departemen kesehatan Kuwait dalam jumlah paling banyak dibanding profesi lain, dengan status sebagai pegawai negeri sipil di Kementrian Kesehatan Pemerintah Negara Kuwait. Sementara itu ada juga sedikit profesi lain dari Indonesia non tenaga kesehatan yang ada di sini.

Suka duka kerja di luar negeri buat saya sementara ini masih belum begitu terasa, karena saya masih baru menginjakkan kaki di bumi Kuwait, tidak lebih dari setahun, tetapi yang paling penting disini adalah kita kuasai dulu bahasa inggris sebagai modal utama, selanjutnya kita harus bekerja secara profesional, tahu betul akan tugas dan wewenang kita sesuai protab yang ada, bagaimana memperkuat mental fighting spirit kita, bagaimana kita mengatasi culture shock (permasalahan perbedaan budaya) apalagi Kuwait itu berbeda sekali budayanya dengan Indonesia, adat istiadatnya, karakter orang Kuwait, hukum negara Kuwait maupun makanannya, jadi harus bisa menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungan sekitar.

Secara keseluruhan bekerja di luar negeri menurut kami disini ada sisi positif dan negatifnya: Sisi positif: kita bisa mendapatkan penghargaan berupa income yang layak, kita dapat belajar menggunakan peralatan medis yang mutakhir, dan dapat berinteraksi dengan orang dari berbagai Negara lain sehingga kita jadi tahu budaya dari banyak negara lain dengan demikian wawasan dan pengalaman kita semakin luas.

Sisi negatifnya: kita disini kurang hiburan seperti yang ada dinegara kita, kita jauh dari keluarga, kangen keluarga dan makanan dari negeri sendiri, aktivitas kita monoton tidak bisa sebanyak dinegeri sendiri.

Mayoritas senior disini mulai bisa merasakan menikmati pekerjaan disini setelah 1-2 tahun.

Akhir kata perjuangan yang lebih dibutuhkan dalam mendapatkan sesuatu yang lebih.

LANGKAH-LANGKAH PERAWATAN SEBELUM KE RUMAH SAKIT

Edisi khusus bahasa Indonesia
Enam langkah perawatan pasien sebelum ke Rumah Sakit

Langkah 1
Survei lapangan :
Lihat, dengar, berpikir, bertindak
Check hal-hal yang membahayakan buat diri sendiri dan pasien
Kaji jumlah korban
Apakah perlu di ulang
Apakah ada Pelayanan emergensi lainnya atau di perlukan untuk datang
Kaji mekanisme injury
Berikan prioritas kepada pasien

Langkah 2
Survei primer :
Kaji kondisi pasien dan berikan perawatan terhadap kondisi yang membahayakan jiwa pasien
Jalan nafas - pastikan jalan nafas terbuka
Pernafasan - pastikan pasien bernafas
Circulasi - cek keadequatan sirkulasi
Lakukan CPR jika di temukan cardiac arrest
Control perdarahan yang hebat
Kaji mekanisme injury, jika di temukan injury cervical lakukan manajemen lebih lanjut

Langkah 3
Survei sekunder :
Pastikan privasi pasien di tempat kejadian
Kaji penyakit masa lalu yang menyertai pasien
Lakukan pemeriksan fisik
Kaji dan catat tanda-tanda vital

Langkah 4
Manajemen pasien/transportasi :
Berikan perawatan lebih lanjut kepada pasien
Perawatan luka
Manajemen patah tulang
Transportasi

Langkah 5
Pengkajian ulang :
Evaluasi ulang terhadap kondisi pasien, tanyakan ke diri sendiri tentang:
Apakah perawatan sudah sukses?
Apakah ada yang harus saya lakukan lagi?
Apakah saya telah melupakan sesuatu?
Apakah kondisi pasien berubah?
Apakah saya membutuhkan asisten?
Apakah saya perlu ke rumah sakit?

Langkah 6
Peringatan :
Informasikan ke fasilitas kesehatan atau pusat perawatan jika di perlukan.

STAGES OF PRE-HOSPITAL CARE

The six stages of pre-hospital care as follows :

Stage 1
Survey of the scene/approach
Look, listen, think, act
Check for dangers to yourself and patients
Assess number of casualties
Is back up required
Other services present or required
Consider mechanism of injury
Establish priorities

Stage 2
Primary Survey :
Rapid assessment of the patient to identify and treat those condition that present an immediate threat to life
Airway - ensure an open airway
Breathing - ensure that the patient is breathing
Circulation - check the adequacy of the circulation
Start CPR for cardiac arrest
Control severe haemorrhage
Consider mechanism of injury, if a cervical injury is suspected, manage accordingly

Stage 3
Secondary survey :
Closer look at the scene
Gain a comprehensive history
Physical assessment
Assess and record vital signs

Stage 4
Patient management/transport :
Appropriate patient care
Wound care
Fracture management
Transport

Stage 5
Reassessment :
Ongoing re-evaluation of the patient’s condition - ask yourself :
Was my treatment successful?
Is there any more I can do?
Have I missed anything?
Is the patient condition changing?
Do I require further assisstance?
Do I need to notify the hospital?

Stage 6
Pre - allert :
Inform medical facility or treatment centre if necessary

First aid

First aid is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury. It is usually performed by a lay person to a sick or injured patient until definitive medical treatment can be accessed. Certain self-limiting illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical care past the first aid intervention. It generally consists of a series of simple and, in some cases, potentially life-saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment.

While first aid can also be performed on animals, the term generally refers to care of human patients.

The key aims of first aid can be summarised in three key points-^[4]

• Preserve life - the overriding aim of all medical care, including first aid, is to save lives
• Prevent further harm - also sometimes called preventing the condition worsening, this covers both external factors, such as moving a patient away from a cause of harm, and applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the condition, such as applying pressure to stop a bleed becoming dangerous.
• Promote recovery - first aid also involves trying to start the recovery process from the illness or injury, and in some cases might involve completing a treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound.

First aid training also involves the prevention of initial injury and responder safety, and the treatment phases.

Certain skills are considered essential to the provision of first aid and are taught ubiquitously. Particularly, the "ABC"s of first aid, which focus on critical life-saving intervention, must be rendered before treatment of less serious injuries. ABC stands for Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. The same mnemonic is used by all emergency health professionals. Attention must first be brought to the airway to ensure it is clear. Obstruction (choking) is a life-threatening emergency. Following evaluation of the airway, a first aid attendant would determine adequacy of breathing and provide rescue breathing if necessary. Assessment of circulation is now not usually carried out for patients who are not breathing, with first aiders now trained to go straight to chest compressions (and thus providing artificial circulation) but pulse checks may be done on less serious patients.

Some organizations add a fourth step of "D" for Deadly bleeding or Defibrillation, while others consider this as part of the Circulation step. Variations on techniques to evaluate and maintain the ABCs depend on the skill level of the first aider. Once the ABCs are secured, first aiders can begin additional treatments, as required. Some organizations teach the same order of priority using the "3 Bs": Breathing, Bleeding, and Bones. While the ABCs and 3Bs are taught to be performed sequentially, certain conditions may require the consideration of two steps simultaneously. This includes the provision of both artificial respiration and chest compressions to someone who is not breathing and has no pulse, and the consideration of cervical spine injuries when ensuring an open airway.

Preserving life

As the key skill to first aid is preserving life, the single most important training a first aider can receive is in the primary diagnosis and care of an unconscious or unresponsive patient.

In order to preserve life, all persons require to have an open airway - a clear passage where air can move in through the mouth or nose through the pharynx and down in to the lungs, without obstruction. Conscious people will maintain their own airway automatically, but those who are unconscious (with a GCS of less than 8) may be unable to maintain a patent airway, as the part of the brain which autonomously controls in normal situations may not be functioning.

If the patient was breathing, a first aider would normally then place them in the recovery position, with the patient leant over on their side, which also has the effect of clearing the tongue from the pharynx. It also avoids a common cause of death in unconscious patients, which is choking on regurgitated stomach contents.

The airway can also become blocked through a foreign object becoming lodged in the pharynx or larynx, commonly called choking. The first aider will be taught to deal with this through a combination of ‘back slaps’ and ‘abdominal thrusts’.

Once the airway has been opened, the first aider would assess to see if the patient is breathing. If there is no breathing, or the patient is not breathing normally, such as agonal breathing, the first aider would undertake what is probably the most recognized first aid procedure - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation or CPR, which involves breathing for the patient, and manually massaging the heart to promote blood flow around the body.

Promoting recovery

The first aider is also likely to be trained in dealing with injuries such as cuts, grazes or broken bones. They may be able to deal with the situation in its entirety (a small adhesive bandage on a paper cut), or may be required to maintain the condition of something like a broken bone, until the next stage of definitive care (usually an ambulance) arrives.

Much of first aid is common sense. Basic principles, such as knowing to use an adhesive bandage or applying direct pressure on a bleed, are often acquired passively through life experiences. However, to provide effective, life-saving first aid interventions requires instruction and practical training. This is especially true where it relates to potentially fatal illnesses and injuries, such as those that require cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR); these procedures may be invasive, and carry a risk of further injury to the patient and the provider. As with any training, it is more useful if it occurs before an actual emergency, and in many countries, emergency ambulance dispatchers may give basic first aid instructions over the phone while the ambulance is on the way.

Training is generally provided by attending a course, typically leading to certification. Due to regular changes in procedures and protocols, based on updated clinical knowledge, and to maintain skill, attendance at regular refresher courses or re-certification is often necessary. First aid training is often available through community organizations such as the Red Cross and St. John Ambulance, or through commercial providers, who will train people for a fee. This commercial training is most common for training of employees to perform first aid in their workplace. Many community organizations also provide a commercial service, which complements their community programmes.

Conditions that often requires First Aid:

• Altitude sickness, which can begin in susceptible people at altitudes as low as 5,000 feet, can cause potentially fatal swelling of the brain or lungs.
• Anaphylaxis, a life-threatening condition in which the airway can become constricted and the patient may go into shock. The reaction can be caused by a systemic allergic reaction to allergens such as insect bites or peanuts. Anaphylaxis is initially treated with injection of epinephrine.
• Battlefield First aid - This protocol refers to treating shrapnel, gunshot wounds, burns, bone fractures, etc. as seen either in the ‘traditional’ battlefield setting or in an area subject to damage by large scale weaponry, such as a bomb blast or other terrorist activity.
• Bone fracture, a break in a bone initially treated by stabilizing the fracture with a splint.
• Burns, which can result in damage to tissues and loss of body fluids through the burn site.
• Choking, blockage of the airway which can quickly result in death due to lack of oxygen if the patient’s trachea is not cleared, for example by the Heimlich Maneuver.
• Childbirth.
• Cramps in muscles due to lactic acid build up caused either by inadequate oxygenation of muscle or lack of water or salt.
• Joint dislocation.
• Diving disorders resulting from too much pressure.
• Near drowning or asphyxiation.
• Gastrointestinal bleeding.
• Gender-specific conditions, such as dysmenorrhea and testicular torsion.
• Heart attack, or inadequate blood flow to the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle.
• Heat stroke, also known as sunstroke or hyperthermia, which tends to occur during heavy exercise in high humidity, or with inadequate water, though it may occur spontaneously in some chronically ill persons. Sunstroke, especially when the victim has been unconscious, often causes major damage to body systems such as brain, kidney, liver, gastric tract. Unconsciousness for more than two hours usually leads to permanent disability. Emergency treatment involves rapid cooling of the patient.
• Heat syncope, another stage in the same process as heat stroke, occurs under similar conditions as heat stroke and is not distinguished from the latter by some authorities.
• Heavy bleeding, treated by applying pressure (manually and later with a pressure bandage) to the wound site and elevating the limb if possible.
• Hyperglycemia, or diabetic coma.
• Hypoglycemia, or insulin shock.
• Hypothermia, or Exposure, occurs when a person’s core body temperature falls below 33.7°C (92.6°F). First aid for a mildly hypothermic patient includes rewarming, but rewarming a severely hypothermic person could result in a fatal arrhythmia, an irregular heart rhythm.
• Insect and animal bites and stings.
• Muscle strain.
• Poisoning, which can occur by injection, inhalation, absorption, or ingestion.
• Seizures, or a malfunction in the electrical activity in the brain. Three types of seizures include a grand mal (which usually features convulsions as well as temporary respiratory abnormalities, change in skin complexion, etc) and petit mal (which usually features twitching, rapid blinking, and/or fidgeting as well as altered consciousness and temporary respiratory abnormalities).
• Sprain, a temporary dislocation of a joint that immediately reduces automatically but may result in ligament damage.
• Stroke, a temporary loss of blood supply to the brain.
• Sucking chest wound, a life threatening hole in the chest which can cause the chest cavity to fill with air and prevent the lung from filling, treated by covering with an occlusive dressing to let air out but not in.
• Toothache, which can result in severe pain and loss of the tooth but is rarely life threatening, unless over time the infection spreads into the bone of the jaw and starts osteomyelitis.
• Wounds and bleeding, including laceration, incision and abrasion, and avulsion.

for more detail information visit wikipedia

Ambulance Equipments

Trolley / Stretcher / Cot + Straps: brankar untuk membawa pasien + tali pengaman, Immobiliser Kits: bidai untuk fiksasi fraktur, Carrying chair + straps: kursi lipat untuk membawa pasien naik/turun tangga+tali pengaman, Defibrillator: DC Shock untuk Ventrikel Takikardi & Ventrikel Vibrilasi yang dilengkapi monitor EKG & pulse oksimeter, Scoop stretcher: untuk memindah pasien dengan cidera spinal, Suction machine: untuk suction ledir/darah, Backboard: untuk membawa pasien dengan cidera spinal, Life Support Product (LSP): O2 tabung kecil untuk pasien sesak nafas, Kendrick Extrication Devices (KED): Untuk memindahkan pasien dengan cidera spinal dari dalam mobil yang mengalami kecelakaan, Entonox: berisi O2&Nitrous oksida untuk menghilangkan nyeri pasien sementara, O2 cylinder, regulator: suplai oksigen utama dalam ambulance dilengkapi kunci, humidant+flowmeter: untuk melembabkan udara dan mengatur jumlah O2 yang diberikan,
Ventilator / Dragger: alat bantu pernafasan, Fracture Immobiliser: bidai untuk fraktur, Sharp Disposable Container: tempat penampung jarum&benda tajam lainya bekas dipakai untuk pasien, Trash Bucket: tempat sampah, Head Immobiliser: penyangga kepala dan leher, Neck Collar: penyangga leher, Ambubag (BVM): untuk memberikan bantuan pernafasan, Sphygmomanometer: untuk memeriksa tekanan darah, High visibility waistcoat
: rompi pengaman di lalu lintas pada malam hari, Stethoscope: untuk auskultasi, Torch: senter untuk memeriksa pupils, Glucometer: untuk mengecek gula darah acak, Glucostrips: untuk menampung tetesan darah dalam pengecekan gula darah, Blood Lancet: jarum tusuk untuk mengeluarkan darah, Guedel airway (OPA): untuk membuka jalan nafas, Adhesive tape: plester pelekat, Ambulance dressing: untuk membalut luka, Vomiting bags: kantong penampung muntahan pasien, Cotton wool: kapas gulung, Gauze: kasa pembalut, Crepe bandage: perban gulung, Eye pad: perban mata, Scissors: gunting serbaguna, Disposable razor: silet cukur, Syringe: spuit, Pulse oxymeter: untuk memeriksa saturasi oksigen & nadi, Ambulance sheet: sprei untuk brankar, Disposable sheet: alas diatas sprei, Blankets: selimut, Pillow: bantal, Triangular bandage: mitela/perban segitiga, Suction tube: selang suction besar/yankeur, Surgical face mask: masker pelindung, Disposable gown: gaun pelindung sekali pakai, Nebuliser masks: masker yang ada tempat menaruh obat nebuliser salbutamol, Nasal canula: selang O2 ke hidung, O2 masks: masker O2 untuk pasien, Disposable gloves: sarung tangan sekali pakai, Triage card sets
: kartu triage untuk menetukan prioritas pasien yang akan ditolong saat musibah besar,
Fire Extinguisher: alat pemadam api, Defibrilator pads: elektrode besar untuk EKG & memberikan DC Shock, Suction catheter: selang suction kecil, Ventolin: bronkodilator, Adrenalin: obat emergency dalam resusitasi jantung, Glucagon: untuk pasien hipoglikemia, Atropine Sulfate: obat emergency dalam resusitasi jantung, Lignocain
: untuk aritmia jantung, Normal saline: untuk infus/membersihkan luka, Water gels: untuk luka bakar, ECG Electrodes: penghubung EKG dengan badan pasien, Lubrication jelly
: jel pelicin untuk selang suction dan selang intubasi, Gliceryl Trynitrate (GTN) spray: untuk nyeri dada karena Infark jantung/Angina dengan efek lain menurunkan tekanan darah, Paramedic bags: tas paramedik berisi alat-alat untuk infus dan intubasi, First aid bags: berisi alat-alat untuk pertolongan pertama.