tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-59084464879435832032024-03-13T07:11:21.860+03:00Wendra's Emergency Medical Services (EMS)Welcome, Blog ini berisi artikel-artikel tentang Emergency Medical Services (EMS) dan AmbulanceWendra EMShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00757366284484942280noreply@blogger.comBlogger5125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5908446487943583203.post-67734731008251197802009-01-10T17:53:00.002+03:002009-01-12T16:32:55.839+03:00STAGES OF PRE-HOSPITAL CAREThe six stages of pre-hospital care as follows :<br /><br />Stage 1<br /> Survey of the scene/approach<br />Look, listen, think, act<br />Check for dangers to yourself and patients<br />Assess number of casualties<br />Is back up required<br />Other services present or required<br />Consider mechanism of injury<br />Establish priorities<br /><br />Stage 2<br /> Primary Survey :<br />Rapid assessment of the patient to identify and treat those condition that present an immediate threat to life<br />Airway - ensure an open airway<br />Breathing - ensure that the patient is breathing<br />Circulation - check the adequacy of the circulation<br />Start <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation">CPR</a> for cardiac arrest<br />Control severe haemorrhage<br />Consider mechanism of injury, if a cervical injury is suspected, manage accordingly<br /><br />Stage 3<br /> Secondary survey :<br />Closer look at the scene<br />Gain a comprehensive history<br />Physical assessment<br />Assess and record vital signs<br /><br />Stage 4<br /> Patient management/transport :<br />Appropriate patient care<br />Wound care<br />Fracture management<br />Transport<br /><br />Stage 5<br /> Reassessment :<br />Ongoing re-evaluation of the patient’s condition - ask yourself :<br />Was my treatment successful?<br />Is there any more I can do?<br />Have I missed anything?<br />Is the patient condition changing?<br />Do I require further assisstance?<br />Do I need to notify the hospital?<br /><br />Stage 6<br /> Pre - allert :<br />Inform medical facility or treatment centre if necessaryWendra EMShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00757366284484942280noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5908446487943583203.post-74644395131807162812008-12-14T20:30:00.004+03:002008-12-17T11:44:47.748+03:00First aid<p><b>First aid</b> is the provision of initial care for an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illness" title="Illness">illness</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a>. It is usually performed by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layman" title="Layman">lay person</a> to a sick or injured <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient" title="Patient">patient</a> until definitive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_treatment" title="Medical treatment" class="mw-redirect">medical treatment</a> can be accessed. Certain self-limiting illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical care past the first aid intervention. It generally consists of a series of simple and, in some cases, potentially life-saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment.</p> <p>While first aid can also be performed on animals, the term generally refers to care of human patients.</p><p>The key aims of first aid can be summarised in three key points-<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid#cite_note-3" title=""><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <ul><li><b>Preserve life</b> - the overriding aim of all medical care, including first aid, is to save lives</li><li><b>Prevent further harm</b> - also sometimes called preventing the condition worsening, this covers both external factors, such as moving a patient away from a cause of harm, and applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the condition, such as applying pressure to stop a bleed becoming dangerous.</li><li><b>Promote recovery</b> - first aid also involves trying to start the recovery process from the illness or injury, and in some cases might involve completing a treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound.</li></ul> <p>First aid training also involves the prevention of initial injury and responder safety, and the treatment phases.</p><p>Certain skills are considered essential to the provision of first aid and are taught ubiquitously. Particularly, the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_%28medicine%29" title="ABC (medicine)">ABC</a>"s of first aid, which focus on critical life-saving intervention, must be rendered before treatment of less serious injuries. ABC stands for <i>Airway</i>, <i>Breathing</i>, and <i>Circulation</i>. The same <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> is used by all <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">emergency health professionals</a>. Attention must first be brought to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airway" title="Airway">airway</a> to ensure it is clear. Obstruction (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choking" title="Choking">choking</a>) is a life-threatening emergency. Following evaluation of the airway, a first aid attendant would determine adequacy of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breath" title="Breath" class="mw-redirect">breathing</a> and provide <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_breathing" title="Rescue breathing" class="mw-redirect">rescue breathing</a> if necessary. Assessment of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulation" title="Circulation">circulation</a> is now not usually carried out for patients who are not breathing, with first aiders now trained to go straight to chest compressions (and thus providing artificial circulation) but <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse" title="Pulse">pulse</a> checks may be done on less serious patients.</p> <p>Some organizations add a fourth step of "D" for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding" title="Bleeding">Deadly bleeding</a></i> or <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrillation" title="Defibrillation">Defibrillation</a></i>, while others consider this as part of the <i>Circulation</i> step. Variations on techniques to evaluate and maintain the ABCs depend on the skill level of the first aider. Once the ABCs are secured, first aiders can begin additional treatments, as required. Some organizations teach the same order of priority using the "3 Bs": <i>Breathing</i>, <i>Bleeding</i>, and <i>Bones</i>. While the ABCs and 3Bs are taught to be performed sequentially, certain conditions may require the consideration of two steps simultaneously. This includes the provision of both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_respiration" title="Artificial respiration">artificial respiration</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">chest compressions</a> to someone who is not breathing and has no pulse, and the consideration of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_spine" title="Cervical spine" class="mw-redirect">cervical spine</a> injuries when ensuring an open airway.</p><h3><span class="mw-headline">Preserving life</span></h3> <p>As the key skill to first aid is preserving life, the single most important training a first aider can receive is in the primary diagnosis and care of an unconscious or unresponsive patient.</p> <p>In order to preserve life, all persons require to have an open airway - a clear passage where air can move in through the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose" title="Nose">nose</a> through the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> and down in to the lungs, without obstruction. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscious" title="Conscious" class="mw-redirect">Conscious</a> people will maintain their own airway automatically, but those who are unconscious (with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_coma_scale" title="Glasgow coma scale" class="mw-redirect">GCS</a> of less than 8) may be unable to maintain a patent airway, as the part of the brain which autonomously controls in normal situations may not be functioning.</p> <p>If the patient was breathing, a first aider would normally then place them in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery_position" title="Recovery position">recovery position</a>, with the patient leant over on their side, which also has the effect of clearing the tongue from the pharynx. It also avoids a common cause of death in unconscious patients, which is choking on regurgitated stomach contents.</p> <p>The airway can also become blocked through a foreign object becoming lodged in the pharynx or larynx, commonly called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choking" title="Choking">choking</a>. The first aider will be taught to deal with this through a combination of ‘back slaps’ and ‘abdominal thrusts’.</p> <p>Once the airway has been opened, the first aider would assess to see if the patient is breathing. If there is no breathing, or the patient is not breathing normally, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonal_breathing" title="Agonal breathing" class="mw-redirect">agonal breathing</a>, the first aider would undertake what is probably the most recognized first aid procedure - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation or CPR, which involves breathing for the patient, and manually massaging the heart to promote blood flow around the body.</p> <p><a name="Promoting_recovery" id="Promoting_recovery"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Promoting recovery</span></h3> <p>The first aider is also likely to be trained in dealing with injuries such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounds" title="Wounds" class="mw-redirect">cuts</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasion" title="Abrasion">grazes</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_bones" title="Broken bones" class="mw-redirect">broken bones</a>. They may be able to deal with the situation in its entirety (a small adhesive bandage on a paper cut), or may be required to maintain the condition of something like a broken bone, until the next stage of definitive care (usually an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance" title="Ambulance">ambulance</a>) arrives.</p><p>Much of first aid is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">common sense</a>. Basic principles, such as knowing to use an adhesive bandage or applying direct pressure on a bleed, are often acquired passively through life experiences. However, to provide effective, life-saving first aid interventions requires instruction and practical training. This is especially true where it relates to potentially fatal illnesses and injuries, such as those that require <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">cardiopulmonary resuscitation</a> (CPR); these procedures may be invasive, and carry a risk of further injury to the patient and the provider. As with any training, it is more useful if it occurs <i>before</i> an actual <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency" title="Emergency">emergency</a>, and in many countries, emergency ambulance dispatchers may give basic first aid instructions over the phone while the ambulance is on the way.</p> <p>Training is generally provided by attending a course, typically leading to certification. Due to regular changes in procedures and protocols, based on updated clinical knowledge, and to maintain skill, attendance at regular refresher courses or re-certification is often necessary. First aid training is often available through community organizations such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross" title="Red Cross" class="mw-redirect">Red Cross</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John_Ambulance" title="St. John Ambulance">St. John Ambulance</a>, or through commercial providers, who will train people for a fee. This commercial training is most common for training of employees to perform first aid in their workplace. Many community organizations also provide a commercial service, which complements their community programmes.</p><p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Conditions that often requires First Aid:</span></p><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">Altitude sickness</a>, which can begin in susceptible people at altitudes as low as 5,000 feet, can cause potentially fatal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_oedema" title="Cerebral oedema" class="mw-redirect">swelling of the brain</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_oedema" title="Pulmonary oedema" class="mw-redirect">lungs</a>.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a>, a life-threatening condition in which the airway can become constricted and the patient may go into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_%28circulatory%29" title="Shock (circulatory)">shock</a>. The reaction can be caused by a systemic allergic reaction to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergens</a> such as insect bites or peanuts. Anaphylaxis is initially treated with injection of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a>.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battlefield</a> First aid - This protocol refers to treating shrapnel, gunshot wounds, burns, bone fractures, etc. as seen either in the ‘traditional’ battlefield setting or in an area subject to damage by large scale weaponry, such as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bomb</a> blast or other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist" title="Terrorist" class="mw-redirect">terrorist</a> activity.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">Bone fracture</a>, a break in a bone initially treated by stabilizing the fracture with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splint_%28medical%29" title="Splint (medical)" class="mw-redirect">splint</a>.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn_%28injury%29" title="Burn (injury)" class="mw-redirect">Burns</a>, which can result in damage to tissues and loss of body fluids through the burn site.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choking" title="Choking">Choking</a>, blockage of the airway which can quickly result in death due to lack of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> if the patient’s trachea is not cleared, for example by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimlich_Maneuver" title="Heimlich Maneuver" class="mw-redirect">Heimlich Maneuver</a>.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a>.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramp" title="Cramp">Cramps</a> in muscles due to lactic acid build up caused either by inadequate oxygenation of muscle or lack of water or salt.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_dislocation" title="Joint dislocation">Joint dislocation</a>.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_disorders" title="Diving disorders" class="mw-redirect">Diving disorders</a> resulting from too much pressure.</li><li>Near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">drowning</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphyxiation" title="Asphyxiation" class="mw-redirect">asphyxiation</a>.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Gastrointestinal bleeding">Gastrointestinal bleeding</a>.</li><li>Gender-specific conditions, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">dysmenorrhea</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_torsion" title="Testicular torsion">testicular torsion</a>.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">Heart attack</a>, or inadequate blood flow to the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle.</li><li>Heat stroke, also known as sunstroke or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">hyperthermia</a>, which tends to occur during heavy exercise in high humidity, or with inadequate water, though it may occur spontaneously in some chronically ill persons. Sunstroke, especially when the victim has been unconscious, often causes major damage to body systems such as brain, kidney, liver, gastric tract. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">Unconsciousness for more than two hours</a> usually leads to permanent disability. Emergency treatment involves rapid cooling of the patient.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_syncope" title="Heat syncope">Heat syncope</a>, another stage in the same process as heat stroke, occurs under similar conditions as heat stroke and is not distinguished from the latter by some authorities.</li><li>Heavy bleeding, treated by applying pressure (manually and later with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_bandage" title="Pressure bandage" class="mw-redirect">pressure bandage</a>) to the wound site and elevating the limb if possible.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperglycemia" title="Hyperglycemia">Hyperglycemia</a>, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_coma" title="Diabetic coma">diabetic coma</a>.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia">Hypoglycemia</a>, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_shock" title="Insulin shock" class="mw-redirect">insulin shock</a>.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a>, or Exposure, occurs when a person’s core body temperature falls below 33.7°C (92.6°F). First aid for a mildly hypothermic patient includes rewarming, but rewarming a severely hypothermic person could result in a fatal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhythmia" title="Arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect">arrhythmia</a>, an irregular heart rhythm.</li><li>Insect and animal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bite_%28medicine%29" title="Bite (medicine)" class="mw-redirect">bites</a> and stings.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_%28injury%29" title="Strain (injury)">Muscle strain</a>.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">Poisoning</a>, which can occur by injection, inhalation, absorption, or ingestion.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizures" title="Seizures" class="mw-redirect">Seizures</a>, or a malfunction in the electrical activity in the brain. Three types of seizures include a grand mal (which usually features convulsions as well as temporary respiratory abnormalities, change in skin complexion, etc) and petit mal (which usually features twitching, rapid blinking, and/or fidgeting as well as altered consciousness and temporary respiratory abnormalities).</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprain" title="Sprain">Sprain</a>, a temporary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dislocation" title="Dislocation">dislocation</a> of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_%28anatomy%29" title="Joint (anatomy)" class="mw-redirect">joint</a> that immediately reduces automatically but may result in ligament damage.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">Stroke</a>, a temporary loss of blood supply to the brain.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Sucking chest wound</a>, a life threatening hole in the chest which can cause the chest cavity to fill with air and prevent the lung from filling, treated by covering with an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occlusive_dressing" title="Occlusive dressing">occlusive dressing</a> to let air out but not in.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothache" title="Toothache">Toothache</a>, which can result in severe pain and loss of the tooth but is rarely life threatening, unless over time the infection spreads into the bone of the jaw and starts <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteomyelitis" title="Osteomyelitis">osteomyelitis</a>.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound" title="Wound">Wounds</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding" title="Bleeding">bleeding</a>, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laceration" title="Laceration" class="mw-redirect">laceration</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incision" title="Incision" class="mw-redirect">incision</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasion_%28medical%29" title="Abrasion (medical)">abrasion</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avulsion" title="Avulsion">avulsion</a>.</li></ul>for more detail information visit <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page">wikipedia</a>Wendra EMShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00757366284484942280noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5908446487943583203.post-18022672367742260552008-12-10T22:05:00.018+03:002011-05-22T12:03:12.306+03:00Ambulance Equipments<a href="http://www.emswest.com/resources/_wsb_194x163_stryker+cot.jpg">Trolley / Stretcher / Cot + Straps</a>: <span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">stretcher</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">to carry the</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">patient</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">plus</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">safety rope</span></span>, <a href="http://www.nexternal.com/medtech/images/FractureKit1.jpg">Immobiliser Kits</a>: <span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">splint</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">for</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">fracture</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">fixation</span></span>, <a href="http://www.fincastlerescue.com/stairchair.jpg">Carrying chair + straps</a>:<span id="result_box" class="" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">folding</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">chairs</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">to</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">bring</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">the patient</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">up /</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">down</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">ladder</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">+</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">rope</span></span> , <a href="http://www.futurehealthconcepts.com/images/products/lifepak12.jpg">Defibrillator</a>:<span id="result_box" class="" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">DC</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">Shock</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">for</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">Tachycardia</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">&</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">ventricle</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">ventricle</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">Vibrilasi</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">equipped with</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">ECG</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">monitors</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">and</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">pulse</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">oximeter</span></span>, <a href="http://img.alibaba.com/photo/11065259/Ambulance_Scoop_Stretcher.jpg">Scoop stretcher</a>:<span id="result_box" class="" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">to</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">move the</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">patients</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">with</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">spinal</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">injuries</span><span class="" title="Click for alternate translations">,</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">Suction</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">machine</span><span class="" title="Click for alternate translations">:</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">to</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">suction</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">mucus</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">/</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">blood</span></span>, <a href="http://www.bcad-ems.org/images/backboard.JPG">Backboard</a>:<span id="result_box" class="" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">to</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">bring</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">patients</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">with</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">spinal</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">injuries</span><span class="" title="Click for alternate translations">,</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">Life Support</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">Products</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps atn">(</span><span class="" title="Click for alternate translations">LSP</span><span class="" title="Click for alternate translations">)</span><span class="" title="Click for alternate translations">:</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">O2</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">small</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">tube</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">to</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">the patient</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">breathing</span></span> , <a href="http://www.geocities.com/%7Egianno/ked.gif">Kendrick Extrication Devices (KED)</a>:<span id="result_box" class="" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">To</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">move a</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">patient</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">with</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">spinal</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">injuries</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">in a car</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">that crashed</span></span>, <a href="http://www.hkfsd.gov.hk/home/images/equipment/ambulance/images/photo/Entonox.jpg">Entonox</a>:<span id="result_box" class="" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">contains</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">O2</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">Nitrous</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">oxide</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">for pain relief</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">while</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">the patient</span></span> , <a href="http://dean.ujihara.org/blog/images/glass_studio/oxygen_regulator.jpg">O2 cylinder, regulator</a>: <span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">The main</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">oxygen supply</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">in</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">key</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">equipped</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">ambulance</span></span>, <a href="http://images.channeladvisor.com/Sell/SSProfiles/72000093/Images/4/pulse_oximeter_1.jpg">humidant+flowmeter</a>:<span id="result_box" class="" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">to</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">moisten</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">the air</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">and</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">regulate</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">the amount of</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">O2</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">given</span></span><br /><a href="http://www.rfdswa.org.au/images/Oxylog1000.jpg">Ventilator / Dragger</a>:<span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">respiratory</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">aids</span></span>, <a href="http://www.edaids.com/products/medium/tcfimm4_m.jpg">Fracture Immobiliser</a>: <span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">splint</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">for</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">fractures</span></span>, <a href="http://www.acupuncturesupply.co.uk/images/Sharps%20Bin.jpg">Sharp Disposable Container</a>:<span id="result_box" class="" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">where</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">reservoir</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">another sharp</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">needles</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">used</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">are used</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">for</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">patients</span></span> ,<span style="text-decoration: underline;"> </span><a href="http://img249.imageshack.us/img249/4756/ultibingn8.jpg">Trash Bucket</a>: <span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">trash can</span></span>, <a href="http://www.aquam.com/uploads/img/thumbs2/AQSA52800A96.jpg">Head Immobiliser</a>:<span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">buffer</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">head</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">and</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">neck</span></span> , <a href="http://www.accesshealth.com.au/sample/197/205/neck_Aspen_880.jpg">Neck Collar</a>:<span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">neck</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">buffer</span></span> , <a href="http://www.meditechmyanmar.com/images/ambu-bag.gif">Ambubag (BVM)</a>:<span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">to</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">provide</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">assisted respiration</span></span> , <a href="http://www.goldenhourmed.com/images/D123AD.JPG">Sphygmomanometer</a>:<span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">to</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">check</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">blood</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">pressure,</span></span> <a href="http://optimumfamilymedicine.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/Dual-Head-Deluxe-Stethoscope-HS-30L-.jpg">Stethoscope</a>:<span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">to</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">auscultation</span></span>, <a href="http://www.hikekit.com/acatalog/small_rubber_torch.jpg">Torch</a>: <span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">flashlight</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">to</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">check</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">pupils</span></span>, <a href="http://www.glucosemeters4u.com/aviva_w-strip.jpg">Glucometer</a>:<span id="result_box" class="" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">to</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">check</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">blood</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">sugar</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">random</span><span class="" title="Click for alternate translations">,</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">Glucostrips</span><span class="" title="Click for alternate translations">:</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">to</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">accommodate the</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">blood drop</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">in</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">blood</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">sugar</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">checks</span></span> , <a href="http://www.watl.bham.ac.uk/WASP/LANCETS/Safetpro.jpg">Blood Lancet</a>: <span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">needle</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">puncture</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">to</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">remove</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">blood</span></span>, <a href="http://instatech.net/Administration/Editor/assets/GUEDEL.gif">Guedel airway (OPA)</a>:<span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">to</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">open the</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">airway</span></span> , <a href="http://www.germes-online.com/direct/dbimage/50172631/Sign_Board_Protective_Film_Adhesive_Tape.jpg">Adhesive tape</a>:<span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">adhesive</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">plaster</span></span> , <a href="http://www.medisave.co.uk/images/cme01.jpg">Ambulance dressing</a>: <span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">for</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">dressing</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">wounds</span></span>, <a href="http://www.eurekadirect.co.uk/companies/eureka/department/VOM1.jpg">Vomiting bags</a>:<span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">patient</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">vomit</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">bag</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">container</span></span>, <a href="http://www.firstaidwarehouse.co.uk/pic/280x280/02/42/cotton_wool_balls_small_242.jpg">Cotton wool</a>:<span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">cotton</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">rolls</span></span> , <a href="https://lurebeauty.authsecure.com/images/gauze.jpg">Gauze</a>:<span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">gauze</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">bandage</span></span> , <a href="http://www.tradenote.net/images/users/000/363/579/products_images/424301.jpg">Crepe bandage</a>:<span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">roll bandage</span></span> , <a href="http://www.healthinajiffy.co.uk/images/ss%20eye%20patch.jpg">Eye pad</a><span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">:eye</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">bandage</span></span>, <a href="http://www.safetystore.com/images/products/Instruments/instruml00003.jpg">Scissors</a>:<span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">Versatile</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">scissors</span></span>, <a href="http://img.en.china.cn/0/0,0,267,2111,1024,683,c01b9482.jpg">Disposable razor</a>:<span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">shaving</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">razor</span></span> , <a href="http://img.alibaba.com/photo/200101702/Three_parts_disposable_syringe_Luer_Lock_.jpg">Syringe</a>:<span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">syringe</span></span> , <a href="http://images.channeladvisor.com/Sell/SSProfiles/72000093/Images/4/pulse_oximeter_1.jpg">Pulse oxymeter</a>:<span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">to</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">check</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">oxygen saturation</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">and</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">pulse</span></span> , <a href="http://www.industowel.com/bedsheet2.jpg">Ambulance sheet</a>: <span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">bed linen</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">to</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">the gurney</span></span>, <a href="http://upload.ecvv.com/upload/Info/200801/C20074916420810009_Disposable_Bed_Sheet.jpg">Disposable sheet</a>:<span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">above</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">the base</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">sheet</span></span>, <a href="http://www.vivomed.co.uk/admin/content/product/imageupload/images/Cellular_blanket.jpg">Blankets</a>, <a href="http://www.jwodcatalog.com/imgLg/7210015151069.jpg">Pillow</a>, <a href="http://www.simplehomecare.com/store/images/triangular%20bandage_I.jpg">Triangular bandage</a>, <a href="htthttp://www.trinitysterile.com/Images/L40108.jpgp://">Suction tube</a>, <a href="http://www.easyvigour.net.nz/xcskiers_corner/pSurgFaceMsk.jpg">Surgical face mask</a>, <a href="http://www.heywarddental.com/catalog/gown%20b2.bmp">Disposable gown</a>, <a href="httphttp://z.about.com/d/pediatrics/1/7/K/L/nebulizer_mask.jpg://">Nebuliser masks</a>, <a href="http://www.kcfirstaid.com/images/421100_nasal_cannula.jpg">Nasal canula</a>, <a href="http://www.made-in-china.com/image/2f0j00kqatYREwOQJNM/Oxygen-Mask-PC510-.jpg">O2 masks</a>, <a href="http://en.wikivisual.com/images/8/8d/Disposable_nitrile_glove.jpg">Disposable gloves</a>, <a href="http://www.buyemp.com/tmp_image.php?item_id=1061704&width=150&height=150">Triage card sets</a>,<a href="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/productImages/8/1/00000117781-FirstAlertFE3A40FireExtinguisher-large.jpeg"> Fire Extinguisher</a>, <a href="http://images.amazon.com/images/G/01/hpc/detail-page/B00064CED6-4.jpg">Defibrilator pads</a>, <a href="http://www.susheewa.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/suction_catheter.jpg">Suction catheter</a>, <a href="http://www.amexpharmacy.com/Images/albuterol2.jpg">Ventolin</a>: bronkodilator, <a href="http://priory.com/med/adrenaline_files/image008.jpg">Adrenalin</a>:<span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">emergency</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">medicine</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">in</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">cardiac</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">resuscitation</span></span> , <a href="http://farm1.static.flickr.com/176/405074787_76eebfa1d8.jpg?v=0">Glucagon</a>:<span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">for</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">patients with</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">hypoglycemia</span></span> , <a href="http://www.nabexport.ir/productsPic/atromil.jpg">Atropine Sulfate</a>:<span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">emergency</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">medicine</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">in</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">cardiac</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">resuscitation</span></span> , <a href="http://www.medgadget.com/archives/img/1lidopen.jpg">Lignocain</a><br />: <span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">for</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">cardiac arrhythmias</span></span>, <a href="http://www.bloggang.com/data/kittyob/picture/1203232752.jpg">Normal saline</a>:<span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">for</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">infusion</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">/</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">clean</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">the wound</span></span>, <a href="http://www.ryepharmaceuticals.com/images/burnaid-kit2.jpg">Water gels</a>:<span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">for burns,</span></span> <a href="http://www.allproducts.com/manufacture100/tianrunhw/product3-s.jpg">ECG Electrodes</a>:<span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">ECG</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">liaison</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">with</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">the patient's body</span></span> , <a href="http://images.ciao.com/iuk/images/products/normal/031/product-70031.jpg">Lubrication jelly</a><br />:<span id="result_box" class="" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">gel</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">lubricant</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">to</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">the suction</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">hose</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">and</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">hose</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">intubation</span></span>, <a href="http://www.heartstroketayside.org.uk/images/Heart%20Disease%20Images/H1_Living_with_Angina_Page_14_Image_0001.jpg">Gliceryl Trynitrate (GTN) spray</a>:<span id="result_box" class="" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">for</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">chest pain</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">due to</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">cardiac</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">infarction</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">/</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">Angina</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">with</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">other</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">effects of</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">lowering</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">blood</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">pressure</span></span> , <a href="http://www.rhinoproducts.com/781_ET_GOOD.gif">Paramedic bags</a>:<span id="result_box" class="" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">paramedic</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">bag</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">containing</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">the tools</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">for</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">infusion</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">and</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">intubation</span></span> , <a href="http://www.firstrespondersupplies.com/images/a700.jpg">First aid bags</a>: <span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">contains</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">tools</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">for</span> <span title="Click for alternate translations" class="hps">first aid</span><span class="" title="Click for alternate translations"></span></span>Wendra EMShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00757366284484942280noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5908446487943583203.post-62624112613105635902008-12-09T16:41:00.003+03:002008-12-17T11:46:40.655+03:00Ambulance<p>An <b>ambulance</b> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle" title="Vehicle">vehicle</a> for transporting sick or injured people,<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#cite_note-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> to, from or between places of treatment for an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illness" title="Illness">illness</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a>. The term ambulance is used to describe a vehicle used to bring medical care to patients outside of the hospital or to transport the patient to hospital for follow-up care and further testing. In some jurisdictions there is a modified form of the ambulance used, that only carries one member of ambulance crew to the scene to provide care, but is not used to transport the patient.<sup id="cite_ref-essexcar_1-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#cite_note-essexcar-1" title=""><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> In these cases a patient who requires transportation to hospital will require a patient-carrying ambulance to attend in addition to the fast responder.</p> <p>The term <i>ambulance</i> comes from the Latin word <i>ambulare</i>, meaning to walk or move about<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#cite_note-2" title=""><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> which is a reference to early medical care where <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient" title="Patient">patients</a> were moved by lifting or wheeling. The word originally meant a moving hospital which follows an army in its movements.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#cite_note-3" title=""><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> vehicles for conveying the wounded off the field of battle were called ambulance wagons.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#cite_note-4" title=""><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hospital" title="Field hospital">Field hospitals</a> were still called ambulances during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#cite_note-5" title=""><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> of 1870 and in the Serbo-Turkish war of 1876<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#cite_note-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> even though the wagons were first referred to as ambulances about 1854 during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#cite_note-7" title=""><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The word is most commonly associated with the land-based, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency" title="Emergency">emergency</a> motor vehicles that administer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">emergency care</a> to those with acute illnesses or injuries, hereafter known as <i>emergency ambulances</i>. These are usually fitted with flashing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_vehicle_equipment#warning_lights" title="Emergency vehicle equipment">warning lights</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siren_%28noisemaker%29" title="Siren (noisemaker)">sirens</a> to facilitate their movement through traffic. It is these <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency" title="Emergency">emergency</a> ambulances that are most likely to display the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_Life" title="Star of Life">Star of Life</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#cite_note-8" title=""><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> which represents the six stages of prehospital medical care.</p> <p>There are other types of ambulance, with the most common being the <i>patient transport ambulance</i>. These vehicles are not usually (although there are exceptions) equipped with life-support equipment, and are usually crewed by staff with fewer qualifications than the crew of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency" title="Emergency">emergency</a> ambulances. Their purpose is simply to transport patients to, from or between places of treatment. In most countries, these are not equipped with flashing lights or sirens.</p> <p>Other vehicles used as ambulances include trucks, vans, station wagons, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat" title="Boat">boats</a>, and even <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_ship" title="Hospital ship">hospital ships</a>.</p><p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Functional types:</span></p><ul><li><b>Emergency ambulance</b> – The most common type of ambulance, which provide care to patients with an acute illness or injury. These can be road-going <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van" title="Van">vans</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat" title="Boat">boats</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a> (known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_ambulance" title="Air ambulance">air ambulances</a>) or even converted vehicles such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_cart" title="Golf cart">golf carts</a>.</li><li><b>Patient transport ambulance</b> – A vehicle which has the job of transporting patients to, from or between places of medical treatment, such as hospital or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialysis" title="Dialysis">dialysis</a> center, for non-urgent care. These can be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van" title="Van">vans</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a> or other vehicles.</li><li><b>Response unit</b> – Also known as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly-car" title="Fly-car">fly-car</a>, which is a vehicle which is used to reach an acutely ill patient quickly, and provide on scene care, but lacks the capacity to transport the patient from the scene. Response units may be backed up by an emergency ambulance which can transport the patient, or may deal with the problem on scene, with no requirement for a transport ambulance. These can be a wide variety of vehicles, from standard <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car" title="Car" class="mw-redirect">cars</a>, to modified <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van" title="Van">vans</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycles</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_cycle" title="Pedal cycle" class="mw-redirect">pedal cycles</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_bike" title="Quad bike" class="mw-redirect">quad bikes</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses" title="Horses" class="mw-redirect">horses</a>. These units can function as a vehicle for officers or supervisors (similar to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_chief%27s_vehicle" title="Fire chief's vehicle">fire chief's vehicle</a>, but for ambulance services).</li><li><b>Charity ambulance</b> – A special type of patient transport ambulance is provided by a charity for the purpose of taking sick children or adults on trips or vacations away from hospitals, hospices or care homes where they are in long term care. Examples include the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s 'Jumbulance' project.<sup id="cite_ref-jumbulance_9-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#cite_note-jumbulance-9" title=""><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> These are usually based on a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">bus</a>.</li></ul><span style="font-weight: bold;">Common ambulance crew qualifications are:</span> <ol><li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Responder" title="First Responder" class="mw-redirect">First Responder</a></b> – A person who arrives first at the scene of an incident,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#cite_note-62" title=""><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> and whose job is to provide early critical care such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPR" title="CPR" class="mw-redirect">CPR</a> or using an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_external_defibrillator" title="Automated external defibrillator">AED</a>. First responders may be dispatched by the ambulance service, may be passers-by, or may be dispatched to the scene from other agencies, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_station" title="Fire station">fire departments</a>.</li><li><b>Ambulance Driver</b> – Some services employ staff with no medical qualification (or just a first aid certificate) whose job is to simply drive the patients from place to place.</li><li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance_Care_Assistant" title="Ambulance Care Assistant">Ambulance Care Assistant</a></b> – Have varying levels of training across the world, but these staff are usually only required to perform patient transport duties (which can include stretcher or wheelchair cases), rather than acute care.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#cite_note-63" title=""><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> Dependent on provider, they may be trained in first aid or extended stills such as use of an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_external_defibrillator" title="Automated external defibrillator">AED</a>, oxygen therapy and other life saving or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palliative" title="Palliative" class="mw-redirect">palliative</a> skills. They may provide emergency cover when other units are not available, or when accompanied by a fully qualified technician or paramedic.</li><li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_technician" title="Emergency medical technician">Emergency medical technician</a></b> – Also known as Ambulance Technician. Technicians are usually able to perform a wide range of emergency care skills, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrillation" title="Defibrillation">defibrillation</a>, spinal care, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">oxygen therapy</a>. Some countries split this term in to levels (such as in the US, where there is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_technician_-_basic" title="Emergency medical technician - basic">EMT-Basic</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_technician_-_intermediate" title="Emergency medical technician - intermediate">EMT-Intermediate</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#cite_note-64" title=""><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">Paramedic</a></b> – This is a high level of medical training and usually involves key skills not permissible for technicians, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">cannulation</a> (and with it the ability to administer a range of drugs such as morphine), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intubation" title="Intubation">intubation</a> and other skills such as performing a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricothyrotomy" title="Cricothyrotomy">cricothyrotomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#cite_note-65" title=""><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> Dependent on jurisdiction, Paramedic can be a protected title, and use of it without the relevant qualification may result in criminal prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#cite_note-66" title=""><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Care_Practitioner" title="Emergency Care Practitioner">Emergency Care Practitioner</a></b> – This position, sometimes called 'Super Paramedic' in the media, is designed to bridge the link between ambulance care and the care of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">general practitioner</a>. ECPs are already qualified paramedics who have undergone further training,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#cite_note-67" title=""><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup> and are trained to prescribe medicines (from a limited list) for longer term care, such as antibiotics, as well as being trained in a range of additional diagnostic techniques.</li><li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_nurse" title="Registered nurse">Registered nurse</a> (RN)</b> – Nurses can be involved in ambulance work, and as with doctors, this is mostly as air-medical rescuers or critical care transport providers, often in conjunction with a technician or paramedic. They may bring extra skills to the care of the patient, especially those who may be critically ill or injured in locations that do not enjoy close proximity to a high level of definitive care such as trauma, cardiac, or stroke centers.</li><li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Doctor</a></b> – Doctors are present on ambulances – most notably air ambulances<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#cite_note-68" title=""><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#cite_note-69" title=""><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup> – will employ physicians to attend on the ambulances, bringing a full range of additional skills such as use of prescription medicines.</li></ol><span style="font-weight: bold;">Types of operators / providers:</span> <ol><li><b>Government Ambulance Service</b> – Operating separately from (although alongside) the fire and police service of the area, these ambulances are funded by local or national government. In some countries, these only tend to be found in big cities, whereas in countries such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> almost all emergency ambulances are part of a national health system.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#cite_note-58" title=""><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li><b>Fire or Police Linked Service</b> – In countries such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> ambulances can be operated by the local fire or police service. This is particularly common in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural" title="Rural">rural</a> areas, where maintaining a separate service is not necessarily cost effective. In some cases this can lead to an illness or injury being attended by a vehicle other than an ambulance, such as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_apparatus" title="Fire apparatus">fire truck</a>.</li><li><b>Volunteer Ambulance Service</b> – Charities or non-profit companies operate ambulances, both in an emergency and patient transport function. This may be along similar lines to volunteer fire companies, providing the main service for an area, and either community or privately owned. They may be linked to a voluntary fire service, with volunteers providing both services. There are charities who focus on providing ambulances for the community, or for cover at private events (sports etc.). The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross" title="Red Cross" class="mw-redirect">Red Cross</a> provides this service across the world on a volunteer basis.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#cite_note-59" title=""><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> (and in others as a Private Ambulance Service), as do other smaller organisations such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_Ambulance" title="St John Ambulance" class="mw-redirect">St John Ambulance</a><sup id="cite_ref-SJA2_31-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#cite_note-SJA2-31" title=""><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Malta_Ambulance_Corps" title="Order of Malta Ambulance Corps">Order of Malta Ambulance Corps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#cite_note-60" title=""><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> These volunteer ambulances may be seen providing support to the full time ambulance crews during times of emergency. In some cases the volunteer charity may employ paid members of staff alongside volunteers to operate a full time ambulance service, such in some parts of Australia and in Ireland.</li><li><b>Private Ambulance Service</b> – Normal commercial companies with paid employees, but often on contract to the local or national government. Private companies may provide only the patient transport elements of ambulance care (i.e. non urgent), but in some places, they are contracted to provide emergency care, or to form a 'second tier' response, where they only respond to emergencies when all of the full-time emergency ambulance crews are busy. This may mean that a government or other service provide the 'emergency' cover, whilst a private firm may be charged with 'minor injuries' such as cuts, bruises or even helping the mobility impaired if they have for example fallen and just need help to get up again, but do not need treatment. This system has the benefit of keeping emergency crews available all the time for genuine emergencies.</li><li><b>Combined Emergency Service</b> – these are full service emergency service agencies, which may be found in places such as airports or large colleges and universities. Their key feature is that all personnel are trained not only in ambulance (EMT) care, but as a firefighter and a peace officer (police function). They may be found in smaller towns and cities, where size or budget does not warrant separate services. This multi-functionality allows to make the most of limited resource or budget, but having a single team respond to any emergency.</li><li><b>Hospital Based Service</b> – Hospitals may provide their own ambulance service as a service to the community, or where ambulance care is unreliable or chargeable. Their use would be dependent on using the services of the providing hospital.</li><li><b>Charity Ambulance</b> – This special type of ambulance is provided by a charity for the purpose of taking sick children or adults on trips or vacations away from hospitals, hospices or care homes where they are in long term care. Examples include the UK's 'Jumbulance' project.<sup id="cite_ref-jumbulance_9-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#cite_note-jumbulance-9" title=""><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li><b>Company Ambulance</b> - Many large factories and other industrial centres, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_plants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemical plants (page does not exist)">chemical plants</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineries" title="Oil refineries" class="mw-redirect">oil refineries</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breweries" title="Breweries" class="mw-redirect">breweries</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilleries" title="Distilleries" class="mw-redirect">distilleries</a> have ambulance services provided by employers as a means of protecting their interests and the welfare of their staff. These are often used as first response vehichles in the event of a fire or explosion.</li></ol>for more detail information visit <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page">wikipedia</a>Wendra EMShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00757366284484942280noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5908446487943583203.post-65341743736995542632008-12-09T16:28:00.004+03:002008-12-17T11:47:45.703+03:00Emergency Medical Services (EMS)<p><b>Emergency medical services</b> (abbreviated to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym_and_initialism" title="Acronym and initialism">initialism</a> "EMS" in some countries) are a branch of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_service" title="Emergency service">Emergency services</a> dedicated to providing out-of-hospital <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_%28medical%29" title="Acute (medical)" class="mw-redirect">acute medical care</a> and/or transport to definitive care, to patients with illnesses and injuries which the patient, or the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_responder" title="First responder">First responder</a>, believes constitutes a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_emergency" title="Medical emergency">medical emergency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Emergency medical services may also be locally known as: First aid squad,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-1" title=""><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Emergency squad,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-2" title=""><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_squad" title="Rescue squad">Rescue squad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-3" title=""><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Ambulance squad,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-4" title=""><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Ambulance service,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-5" title=""><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Ambulance corps<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> or Life squad.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-7" title=""><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The goal of most emergency medical services is to either provide treatment to those in need of urgent medical care, with the goal of satisfactorily treating the malady, or arranging for timely removal of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient" title="Patient">patient</a> to the next point of definitive care. This is most likely an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">emergency department</a> at a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospital</a> or another place where physicians are available. The term Emergency Medical Service evolved to reflect a change from a simple transportation system (ambulance service) to a system in which actual medical care occurred in addition to transportation. In some developing regions, the is not used, or may be used inaccurately, since the service in question does not provide treatment to the patients, but only the provision of transport to the point of care.<sup id="cite_ref-motorbike_8-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-motorbike-8" title=""><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In most places in the world, the EMS is summoned by members of the public (or other emergency services, businesses or authority) via an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_telephone_number" title="Emergency telephone number">emergency telephone number</a> which puts them in contact with a control facility, which will then dispatch a suitable resource to deal with the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-9" title=""><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In some parts of the world, the term EMS also encompasses services developed to move patients from one medical facility to an alternative one; inferring transfer a higher level of care. In such services, the EMS is not summoned by members of the public but by clinical professionals (eg. physicians or nurses) in the referring facility. Specialized hospitals that provide higher levels of care may include services such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_intensive_care" title="Neonatal intensive care" class="mw-redirect">neonatal intensive care</a> (NICU),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-10" title=""><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup>, pediatric intensive care (PICU), state regional burn centers,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-11" title=""><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> specialized care for spinal injury and/or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">neurosurgery</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-12" title=""><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> regional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> centers,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-13" title=""><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> specialized <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac" title="Cardiac" class="mw-redirect">cardiac</a> care<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-14" title=""><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-15" title=""><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_catherization" title="Cardiac catherization" class="mw-redirect">cardiac catherization</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-16" title=""><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup>), and specialized/regional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_trauma" title="Physical trauma">trauma</a> care.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-17" title=""><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In some jurisdictions, EMS units may handle <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_rescue" title="Technical rescue">technical rescue</a> operations such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrication" title="Extrication" class="mw-redirect">extrication</a>, water rescue, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-18" title=""><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> Training and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualification" title="Qualification">qualification</a> levels for members and employees of emergency medical services vary widely throughout the world. In some systems, members may be present who are qualified only to drive the ambulance, with no medical training.<sup id="cite_ref-motorbike_8-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-motorbike-8" title=""><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> In contrast, most systems have personnel that retain, at a minimum, a basic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">first aid</a> certificate (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Life_Support" title="Basic Life Support" class="mw-redirect">Basic Life Support</a> (BLS)), additionally many EMS systems are staffed with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Life_Support" title="Advanced Life Support" class="mw-redirect">Advanced Life Support</a> (ALS) personnel, including fully qualified <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">paramedics</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse" title="Nurse">nurses</a>, or, less commonly, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-19" title=""><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold;">The purposes of EMS:</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>Emergency medical services exists to fulfill the basic principles of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">first aid</a>, which are to Preserve Life, Prevent Further Injury, and Promote Recovery.</p> <p>This common theme in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> is demonstrated by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_life" title="Star of life" class="mw-redirect">star of life</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_Life" title="Star of Life">Star of Life</a> shown here, where each of the 'arms' to the star represent one of the 6 points. These 6 points are used to represent the six stages of high quality pre-hospital care, which are:<sup id="cite_ref-emscom_30-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-emscom-30" title=""><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <ol><li><b>Early Detection</b><sup id="cite_ref-emscom_30-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-emscom-30" title=""><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> - Members of the public, or another agency, find the incident and understand the problem</li><li><b>Early Reporting</b><sup id="cite_ref-emscom_30-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-emscom-30" title=""><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> - The first persons on scene make a call to the emergency medical services and provide details to enable a response to be mounted</li><li><b>Early Response</b><sup id="cite_ref-emscom_30-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-emscom-30" title=""><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> - The first professional (EMS) rescuers arrive on scene as quickly as possible, enabling care to begin</li><li><b>Good On Scene Care</b><sup id="cite_ref-emscom_30-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-emscom-30" title=""><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> - The emergency medical service provides appropriate and timely interventions to treat the patient at the scene of the incident</li><li><b>Care in Transit</b><sup id="cite_ref-emscom_30-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-emscom-30" title=""><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> - the emergency medical service load the patient in to suitable transport and continue to provide appropriate medical care throughout the journey</li><li><b>Transfer to Definitive Care</b><sup id="cite_ref-emscom_30-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services#cite_note-emscom-30" title=""><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> - the patient is handed over to an appropriate care setting, such as the emergency department at a hospital, in to the care of physicians</li></ol>for more detail information visit <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page">wikipedia</a>Wendra EMShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00757366284484942280noreply@blogger.com